Correlating the Newton & Planck Constants
Inputs
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Terms
- lf, mf and tf are the fundamental measures, more precise expressions for Planck’s units – length, mass, and time – that consider the effects of length contraction associated with discrete measure.
- θsi can be measured as the polarization angle of quantum entangled X-rays at the degenerate frequency of a maximal Bell state. As an angle θsi=3.26239 rad ± 2 μrad; as a momentum θsi=3.26239030392(48) kg m s-1 and with respect to the Target Frame, θsi has no units. The relation of angle and mass is mathematically demonstrated, as well, by No-Ping Chen, et. al.
- G is the gravitational constant, 6.6740779428(56) 10-11m3kg-1s-2 such that its value considers the effects of length contraction associated with discrete measure at the upper count limit. Italicized G identifies a measure not at the limit (e.g., G=6.6738448362(53) 10-11m3kg-1s-2 at the blackbody demarcation).
- c is the speed of light which may also be written as c=nLlf/nTtf=299,792,458 m/s such that nL=nT=1 is physically significant.
- QL is the fractional portion of a count of lf when engaging in a more precise calculation.
- ħ is the reduced Planck constant, 1.054571817 10-34 m2 kg s-1. When accounting for the Informativity differential at the upper count bound, this term is not italicized (i.e., ħ=1.0545349844(45) -34 m2 kg s-1).
Calculations
Experimental Support
Mohr, P., Taylor, B., and Newell, D.: CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010, p. 3, (2012), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1527.
Discussion
The expression which describes both Newton’s constant for gravitation and the reduced Planck constant is 4Gθsi2=ħc3. The expression is important to the development of Measurement Quantization (MQ). Early research regarding a new form of length contraction — not related to those relativistic effects described by Einstein — demonstrated a distance sensitive variation in the values of G and ħ. The effect was identified as length contraction, a physically significant consequence of discrete measure. Had the lower bounds of measure described by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle served only to describe physical limits to measure, the effect would not exist. But, further research demonstrated that each of the three dimensions relative to the Internal Frame of the universe were physically discrete and countable and where dimensions are two or greater (i.e., length), there will also be a contraction of that measure.
An MQ presentation of the uncertainty principle also demonstrates that each dimension carries a reference measure relative to the Internal Frame of the universe. The effect is supported to six digits with respect to experiments in: optics, quantum mechanics, classical physics and cosmology. The newly predicted phenomenon of length contraction was identified with the term, the Informativity differential. It may be expressed as
For large distances QL approaches zero and the first term drops out. In such cases we commonly identify the Informativity differential as 2QLnLr. Resolving the Informativity differential with respect to the measures of G and/or ħ resolves several issues, most notable being the Constant's Tension; a tension regarding the value of G and ħ as published in the last three editions of the CODATA.
That is, where G is measured macroscopically, the Informativity differential is insignificant. If measured electromagnetically, the effect reduces the measure of this constant. Likewise, a measure of ħ will always fall on the small end. At this time, we are unaware of a means to resolve ħ macroscopically.
To better clarify the Constants Tension, we may state generally that G is usually measured macroscopically whereas ħ is measured quantumly, the latter at a distance identified as the electromagnetic demarcation. When the two terms are mixed, as in Planck's unit expressions, we can no longer solve for component terms with an accuracy greater than four significant digits. For instance, if we take each of Planck's expressions and solve for G using c and ħ - both which are defined or measured to nine or more digits - we discover that all solutions to G differ in the fifth digit. It follows, either Planck's expressions do not account for new physics, the expressions are wrong, or our measures of c and ħ are not correct.
We present that measure relativive to the Internal Frame of the universe is discrete and as such, there is always a fractional count nL of lf lost with each increment in elapsed time tf. Accounting for the Informativity differential in combination with the MQ resolved values for the fundamental measures resolves the calculation discrepancy.
As a historical footnote, a closer look at the resolved values for G, would reveal that the midpoint between the 2010 and 2018 values is equal to the 2014 value. The observation reveals what may be a geometric bias.
Thus, recognizing the importance of the Informativity differential, we use the distance adjusted value for ħ to properly balance the calculation. That is, a macroscopic value for ħ adjusted for the Informativity differential is
In MQ vanacular we refer to this value as the Reduced Fundamental Constant, ħ, not italicized when resolved with respect to the upper count bound. As the reduced Planck constant is used in many expressions describing macroscopic phenomena, to account for the Informativity differential calculated measures must consider a shared frame of reference; either all terms as measured at the upper count bound or at the electromagnetic demarcation.
Lastly, because QL is a more difficult mathematical term to work with, the Informativity differential is almost always taken at the upper count bound QLnLr=1/2. This is valid to six significant digits for any phenomenon with a relative measurement distance of 2,247 lf.
It should also be noted that there has been a change in the nomenclature from earlier papers. To clarify, the following terms are one and the same: QLf=QL and rLf=nLr. The term to the right of each equality is the preferred nomenclature today.
Quantum Inflation, Transition to Expansion, CMB Power Spectrum