Most Significant Problems in
Modern Physics Addressed by MQ

  1. Calculation of Dimensionless Physical Constants
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes the Physical Constants, IJTMP
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AA, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Describing the Fine Structure Constant Using Only the Fundamental Measures, RG

  2. Extends Precision of the Gravitational Constant to 13 digits
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes the Physical Constants, IJTMP
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. BM, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Discrete Expressions for the Gravitational Constant Offer Improved Precision
    G=6.6740779428(56) 10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2
    - Extending Precision of the Physical Constants

  3. A Discrete Description of Gravitation
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics, JHEPGC
    - Quantum Model of Gravity Unifies Relativistic Effects…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities…, JHEPGC
    - Physical Significance of Measure, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes the Physical Constants, IJTMP
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. C, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Discrete Expressions for the Gravitational Constant Offer Improved Precision
    G=6.6740779428(56) 10^-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2
    - Classical Approach to Discrete Gravity
    - Spatial Curvature Incompatible with Discrete Phenomena

  4. Unifies Gravity with Electromagnetism
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes the Physical Constants, Sec. 3.4, IJTMP
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AT, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Unifying Gravity with Electromagnetism G=2πɛγ

  5. Measurement Quantization Discrete Spacetime of the Internal Measurement Frame Clarifies the Quantum Gravity Inquiry
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization, Table 2, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Classical Approach to Discrete Gravity
    - Spatial Curvature Incompatible with Discrete Phenomena

  6. Support for the Discreteness and Countability of Measure as Physically Significant References of the Internal Measurement Frame of the Universe.
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., I, J, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Confirming the Discreteness of Measure with a New Form of Length Contraction
    - Length Contraction Associated with Discrete Measure Resolves Planck Units
    Tension

  7. New Form of Length Contraction Unrelated to Einstein’s Relativity
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics, JHEPGC
    - Quantum Model of Gravity Unifies Relativistic Effects…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities…, JHEPGC
    - Physical Significance of Measure, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes the Physical Constants, IJTMP
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. D, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Length Contraction Associated with Discrete Measure Resolves Planck Units
    Tension

  8. Addresses the Cosmic Censorship Hypothesis
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., D, I, J, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Physical Approach to Demonstrating Singularities Cannot Exist

  9. Explains Why the Universe Appears as a Fined Tuned Universe
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Quantum Epoch
    - Support for a Universe without Curvature
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon

  10. Solves the Problem of Time issue
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., K, V, W, BB, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - What Defines the Fundamental Measures?
    - Simplest Relation Between Fundamental Units of Length, Mass, and Time

  11. Obviates Cosmic Inflation Conjecture
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Quantum Epoch
    - Time Dilation Between the Quantum and Expansionary Epochs
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon

  12. Describes Early Universe Events with No Free Parameters
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Quantum Epoch
    - Time Dilation Between the Quantum and Expansionary Epochs

  13. Solves the Horizon Problem Explaining Why the Universe is Homogenous and Isotropic
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Quantum Epoch
    - Time Dilation Between the Quantum and Expansionary Epochs

  14. Describes the Future of the Universe Question
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., AZ, BA, BD, BI-BK, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon
    - Diameter & Age of the Universe as a Function of the CMB Temperature
    - Support for a Universe without Curvature

  15. Increasing Universal Mass
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., BE, BJ, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Increasing Universal Mass

  16. Resolves the Size of the Universe
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AZ, BA, BB, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Diameter & Age of the Universe as a Function of the CMB Temperature
    - Support for a Universe without Curvature
    - Underlying Physics of the Hubble Tension 68.261 – 73.510 km s^-1 Mpc^-1

  17. Improves Calculation of the Age of the Universe
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AZ, BI, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Diameter & Age of the Universe as a Function of the CMB Temperature
    - Support for a Universe without Curvature

  18. Addresses Baryon Asymmetry as a Consequence of the Internal Discrete Frame
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    Pre-prints:
    - Physically Significant Approach to Describing Broken Symmetry

  19. Demonstrates the Cosmological Principle, Such that the Homogenous and Isotropic Properties of the Universe Form During the Quantum Epoch
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Quantum Epoch
    - Time Dilation Between the Quantum and Expansionary Epochs

  20. Provides a Physically Correlated Description of the Cosmological Constant Problem
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., AY-BA, BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Classical Description of the CMB Power Spectrum Without Λ or CDM
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon
    - Underlying Physics of the Hubble Tension 68.261 – 73.510 km s^-1 Mpc^-1

  21. Resolves a Classical Solution to the Dark Matter Phenomenon
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AF-AL, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Discrete Approach to Star Velocities Resolves Dark Matter Phenomenon
    - Effective Mass of a Galaxy, Star Velocity and their Relation

  22. Resolves the Galaxy Rotation Problem
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes Galactic Rotational Velocities…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AF-AL, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Discrete Approach to Star Velocities Resolves Dark Matter Phenomenon
    - Effective Mass of a Galaxy, Star Velocity and their Relation

  23. Resolves the Dark Energy Phenomenon
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., AY-BA, BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Classical Description of the CMB Power Spectrum Without Λ or CDM
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon
    - Underlying Physics of the Hubble Tension 68.261 – 73.510 km s^-1 Mpc^-1

  24. Explains Why the Expansion of the Universe is Accelerating
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., AY-BB, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Classical Description of the CMB Power Spectrum Without Λ or CDM
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon
    - Underlying Physics of the Hubble Tension 68.261 – 73.510 km s^-1 Mpc^-1

  25. Adds to a Deeper Understanding of the Dark Flow Conjecture
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., AY-BB, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Classical Description of the CMB Power Spectrum Without Λ or CDM
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon
    - Underlying Physics of the Hubble Tension 68.261 – 73.510 km s^-1 Mpc^-1

  26. Describes the Shape of the Universe as Nearly Spherical
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., AY-BA, BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Diameter & Age of the Universe as a Function of the CMB Temperature
    - Support for a Universe without Curvature
    - Classical Description of the CMB Power Spectrum Without Λ or CDM
    - Dark Energy – a Geometric Phenomenon
    - Underlying Physics of the Hubble Tension 68.261 – 73.510 km s^-1 Mpc^-1

  27. Explains the Largest Structures in the Universe Observation as a Consequence of the Quantum Epoch
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Describes History of Universe…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx., BF-BH, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Quantum Epoch
    - Time Dilation Between the Quantum and Expansionary Epochs

  28. Physical Significance of Multiple Dimensions, Constrained to Three Plus Time
    Pre-prints:
    - Discrete Approach Offers Physical Confirmation: Three Spatial Dimensions
    - Spatial Curvature Incompatible with Discrete Phenomena
    - Support for a Universe without Curvature

  29. Addresses the physical significance of the Planck Scale
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics, JHEPGC
    - Physical Significance of Measure, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. I, J, O, S, V, W, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Physical Significance of Count Bounds of the Fundamental Measures
    - What Defines the Fundamental Measures?
    - Bounds to Baryonic Density
    - Determinism and the Foundations of Quantum Behavior

  30. Demonstrates the Physical Significance of the Planck Units
    Publications:
    - Measurement Quantization Unites Classical and Quantum Physics, JHEPGC
    - Physical Significance of Measure, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. I, J, O, S, V, W, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Physical Significance of Count Bounds of the Fundamental Measures
    - Three Constants of Nature
    - Fundamental Measures - More Precise Expressions for the Planck Units
    - Deriving the Planck Unit Expressions
    - What Defines the Fundamental Measures?

  31. Resolves the Hubble Tension as a Misunderstanding of Frames of Reference
    Pre-prints:
    - Underlying Physics of the Hubble Tension 68.261 – 73.510 km s^-1 Mpc^-1

  32. Derives Einstein’s Special and General Relativity Contraction and Dilation Expressions from the Pythagorean Theorem
    Publications:
    - Quantum Model of Gravity Unifies Relativistic Effects…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AU, AV, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Discrete Approach to the Contraction and Dilation of Measure with Respect to Motion
    - Discrete Approach to the Contraction and Dilation of Measure with Respect to a
    Gravitational Mass

  33. Derives the Equivalence Principle from First Principles
    Publications:
    - Quantum Model of Gravity Unifies Relativistic Effects…, JHEPGC
    - Measurement Quantization, Appx. AU, AV, AW, IJGMMP
    Pre-prints:
    - Discrete Approach to the Contraction and Dilation of Measure with Respect to Motion
    - Discrete Approach to the Contraction and Dilation of Measure with Respect to a
    Gravitational Mass
    - Discrete Approach to Deriving the Equivalence Principle as a Predicted Outcome

MQ is the Only Model that Accounts for
the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Observations

MQ, first published in 2018, is resolved using our existing understanding of classical mechanics, has no hidden variables, and does not introduce new axioms or new physics beyond what is implicit to the existing laws of classical mechanics. MQ does provide a description of early universe events that requires only one measured value (the radial rate of expansion), and predicts a proto-galaxy formation much earlier than that described using λCDM. Importantly, MQ most closely accomodates the JWST observations. For a description of the early universe and accompanying physical support, reference the March 2020 paper entitled, Measurement Quantization Describes the History of the Universe ….

So, What is MQ?

MQ is an expansion of the existing classical nomenclature such that each measure is written as a count of its fundamental reference, an emergent feature of the internal reference frame of the universe. It is shown that measure with respect to the Internal Frame of the observer is discrete while measure with respect to the System Frame of the universe is non-discrete. When considering the difference between these descriptions we resolve expressions and values for the physical constants. In this way, the foundations of MQ are described; the most up-to-date presentation of MQ was published by the Intl. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. January, 2023. It is entitled, Measurement Quantization.

Before the Expansionary Epoch

The MQ approach has been used to describe the quantity, age and present-day density and temperature of the CMB. It has resolved the horizon problem and correctly addressed the homogenous and isotropic properties of early universe formation, a 363,312 year quantum epoch. MQ does not describe an inflationary period, but instead a period of quantum expansion during which mass accretes at a steady rate to form what today makes up the CMB. This resultant mass/energy profile, we propose, leads to a cold and baryonic-free start to the universe; this mathematical description of accumulated mass physically describing what becomes the CMB.

This is to say, the expansionary epoch begins cold and without baryons. Rather, due to the discreteness of the Internal Frame, there will be minscule asymmetric qualities that can lead to miniscule inconsistencies in the homogenous distirbution of mass in the universe. Nevertheless, mass accretion continues at a steady rate. And that accretion, we present, allows for proto-galaxy formation much earlier than previously modeled.

Early Epoch Physics - A Proto-Physical Universe to the Expansionary Epoch

As the physical constants are shown to derive from the difference between the discrete and non-discrete frames of reference, and such that a discrete frame does not exist during the quantum epoch, the physical laws during this epoch differ, a subset of what they are today. The expressions above, published in 2020, represent the first description of a quantum epoch physics.

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